Since the opening of state institutions for “juvenile delinquents” and “uncivilized” Native American children in the 1890s, young people of color and those with disabilities have been disproportionately subjected to technologies and cultures of control. Whittier State School for juvenile offenders and Riverside’s Sherman Institute both used disciplinary regimens and scientific research to link race to criminality. The purpose, at best, was to assimilate and train youth for menial labor and, at worst, to segregate, incarcerate, and sterilize them. Like the mid-twentieth century fears of “juvenile delinquents,” gang injunctions since the 1980s and racial profiling continue the policing of youth culture. Schools, too, with police, surveillance, cell-like buildings, and punitive testing, bear hallmarks of a penal system. Though legally bound to reside within these technologies of control, youth find ways to resist criminal labeling, and they fight for change.